Answer:
DNA vaccines consist of DNA vectors or plasmids (small double-stranded DNA rings originally derived from bacteria, but unable to cause infection) into which the genes encoding one or more immunizing proteins of the infectious agent have been inserted causing the disease to be prevented.
Explanation:
Vectors are the functional unit of naked DNA vaccines. Genes that encode the proteins of interest and are of bacterial origin are inserted into these vectors. Bacterial plasmids are circular DNA molecules that self-replicate extrachromosomally in bacteria. The genes encoded in these plasmids are under the control of promoters, almost always of viral origin. When a plasmid is introduced into the cell it translocates to the nucleus, where transcription of the transgene begins; the transcripts are then taken to the cytoplasm and translated there. The newly synthesized proteins are degraded in the proteasome to 8-10 amino acid peptides, which are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. Peptides of high affinity with their respective MHC I molecule stabilize and enter the secretory pathway, thus reaching the cell surface, where they are coupled with the T-lymphocyte receptor (TcR) present on the surface of T lymphocytes cytotoxic drugs (CD8 +) to induce their activation.
1- Animals survive when they compete. In limited resources, animals either compete, kill or co-operat. There are 3 ways animals complete with each other to get access o limited resources. These ways are:
- Parasitism – In this relationship, one animal gets benefit and the other gets hurt.
- Mutualism – in this interaction, both organisms benefits each other and survives.
- Commensalism- In this interaction, one organism gets benefit whereas the other gets nothing in return.
2- Living organisms are classified as:
- Producers
- Consumers
- Decomposers
Producers are the energy generators. They are the biggest source of energy for other levels. Consumers feed on producers and other animals. And the end, when consumers die, decomposers feed on them, break down their bodies and mix it with soil increase its fertility and the cycle of energy flow goes on.
<u>Gymnosperms and Angiosperms-</u>
Gymnosperms and angiosperms evolved seeds and pollen grains allowing them to live and reproduce in drier habitats than bryophytes and seedless vascular plants.
<u>Properties of gymnosperms and angiosperms-</u>
Gymnosperms are plants which bear seeds without fruits or without any outer coverings. These plants also do not produce flowers. Most plants under this group have needle-shaped leaves. This is an adaptation as these plants grow in colder conditions. Gymnosperms. These plants produce pollen without bearing flowers. Angiosperms are found in almost all climatic conditions. These plants bear flowers and produce seeds that are enclosed inside a fruit or inside an ovary. The seeds of angiosperms have a single cotyledon.
Learn more about Gymnosperms and Angiosperms here-
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Answer:
theories, models, and laws
Explanation:
