Production of ATP in the absence of oxygen is called anearobic respiration. Under anaerobic respiration,two molecules of ATP is produced from one molecule of glucose. These ATP are used for energy production by the contracting muscles.
Answer:
a. The electrons provide energy for the H+ pump to transport more H+ ions into the thylakoid space.
d. The photolysis of water releases H+ ions into the thylakoid space.
Explanation:
This question describes the first stage of photosynthesis, which is LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION. The light dependent reactions involve creating ATP (energy carrier) and NADPH (electron carrier) needed for the Calvin cycle (light independent stage) to occur.
The ATP is formed by pumping hydrogen ions (H+) into the thylakoid space/lumen, hence, creating a electrochemical gradient needed for ATP synthase to synthesize ATP. The buildup of H+ ions is caused by:
- The electrons that arise when light photons hit a chlorophyll molecule is used to provide energy for the H+ pump to transport more H+ ions into the thylakoid space.
- The photolysis of water results in the production of electrons (e-) and hydrogen ions (H+). These hydrogen ions are released into the thylakoid space.
<h2>Fatty acid oxidation </h2>
Explanation:
- Activation of fatty acids (palmitate) occurs in the cytoplasm where fatty acids are activated to fatty acyl CoA, reaction catalysed by an enzyme called fatty acyl CoA synthetase
- A specialized carnitine carrier system catalyze transportation of activated fatty acid from cytoplasm to matrix of mitochondria, where carnitine system consists of three proteins:
- Carnitine acyl transferase I located in outer membrane of mitochondria catalyze transfer of carnitine to fatty acyl CoA and produce fatty acyl carnitine
- Carnitine translocase facilitate passive diffusion of fatty acyl carnitine from inter membrane space to matrix located in inner membrane
- Carnitine acyl transferase III located in inner mitochondrial membrane at matrix phase catalyze transfer of CoA to fatty acyl carnitine and regenerate fatty acyl CoA
Hence, the cytosolic and mitochondrial pools of CoA are thus kept separate, and no radioactive CoA from the cytosolic pool enters the mitochondria
B. Carbohydrates
examples; glucose, fructose
