Answer:
Explanation:
Once the Fourth Amendment applies to a particular search or seizure, the next question is under what circumstances a warrant is required to be issued. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the U.S. Constitution expresses a preference for searches, seizures, and arrests conducted pursuant to a lawfully executed warrant.
A warrant is a written order signed by a court authorizing a law-enforcement officer to conduct a search, seizure, or arrest. Searches, seizures, and arrests performed without a valid warrant are deemed presumptively invalid, and any evidence seized without a warrant will be suppressed unless a court finds that the search was reasonable under the circumstances.
Read on to find out about the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement and how it could apply to you.
Requirements for a Valid Search Warrant
An application for a warrant must be supported by a sworn, detailed statement made by a law enforcement officer appearing before a neutral judge or magistrate. The U.S. Supreme Court has said that probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the police officer's knowledge provide a reasonably trustworthy basis for a person of reasonable caution to believe that a criminal offense has been committed or is about to take place (see Carroll v. United States).
Establishing Probable Cause
Probable cause can be established by out-of-court statements made by reliable police informants, even though those statements cannot be tested by the magistrate. However, probable cause will not lie where the only evidence of criminal activity is an officer's affirmation of suspicion or belief (see Aguilar v. Texas). On the other hand, an officer's subjective reason for making an arrest doesn't need to be the same criminal offense for which the facts indicate. (Devenpeck v. Alford).
An Officer's Oath
Probable cause will not lie unless the facts supporting the warrant are sworn by the officer as true to the best of their knowledge. The officer's oath can be written or oral, but the officer must typically swear that no knowing or intentionally false statement has been submitted in support of the warrant and that no statement has been made in reckless disregard of the truth. It's important to note, however, that inaccuracies due to an officer's negligence or innocent omission won't typically jeopardize a warrant's validity.
FIND
Answer:
No, certainly it does not represent a security risk when someone is covering the face in public. It can have different implications. For example, if women is covering her face in public, it could be due to her own choice regarding the religious paradigm. It depends entirely on her how she is interpreting the religion and what she thinks best for her. It can also happen that sometimes covering of the face might be to hide her identity from the public. But if man is covering his face in public, it could be due to save his face from the dust, weather conditions etc but definitely not for the religious sake. In some cases, if man is covering his face, as we see in the movies, it could be for some security risk perspective.
The correct answer would be, Sociology, Power and Economics.
Explanation:
Political science overlaps with several other disciplines. It can almost be considered a subsector of sociology that focuses on power as an aspect of social relations. In recent years, it has increasingly shared with economics a use of the rational actor model of human behavior.
Political Science is a field of study which deals with the state, and the systems of that government or state. It also deals with the scientific analysis of political activities and behaviors.
It is that branch of knowledge that merges many disciplines in it. Sociology and Economics are considered to be subsectors of Political Science as they focus on power and economical activities within the concept.
Learn more about Political Science at:
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Answer:
a) questionnaires
b) attitudes of student who had and who hadn't taken the course
c) difference in age group of students among whom questionnaire were distributed in both the groups.
d) restrict the age group in both the experimental groups.
Explanation:
The complete quetion is:
An investigator was interested in studying the effect of taking a course in child development upon attitudes toward childrearing. At the end of the semester, the researcher distributed a questionnaire to students who had taken the child development course. Questionnaires were also given to an equal number of students who had not taken the course. The students who had taken the child development course had different attitudes from the students who had not taken the course (cg., they had more positive response about having large families).
a) Identify the independent variable
b) Identify the dependent variable
c) identify confounding variable
d) propose a method to unconfound the experiment
a) questionnaires
b) attitudes of student who had and who hadn't taken the course
c) difference in age group of students among whom questionnaire were distributed in both the groups can lead to different understanding of questionnnaire and so affect the response towards the questions.
d) restrict the age group in both the experimental groups.
Confounding variables are variables that effect both the dependent and independent variable
