Recombination is the method by which organisms can randomly assort their genotypes amongst each other to create offspring with a different haplotype than either of its parents. This can be done by either copying sequences from one homologous chromosome to another (no physical exchange) or crossing over (physical exchange.
Crossing over is a mechanism in eukaryotes by which recombination can occur, in which the two homologous chromosomes contributed by both parents literally cross over and break at certain points to exchange certain sections of the chromosomes amongst each together.
Self fertilizing organisms typically do not produce offspring that are genetically identical. However, this has an inbreeding effect on its offspring, since it is recombining from the same genotype and so has a higher chance of producing homozygous offspring. This is very detrimental for mammals and some eukaryotes, but in some other organisms such as bacteria, homozygosity is typically not an issue.
Answer:Dehydration
Explanation:
Dark urine is usually indicative of dehydration; but there could be more reasons responsible for it. Ideally, when you eat or drink something, it goes through your digestive tract, circulatory system and then to your kidney. Kidneys are where everything is filtered and urine is produced. Urine contains the harmful toxins which need to be eliminated from the body. Darker urine is more concentrated. It is indicative of the fact that unnecessary toxins and wastes are circulating in your body which could mess with your health. This, again, depends on how much fluids you drink throughout the day. But there could be many other reasons responsible for the same.
Answer:
Cell-mediated immunity develops through a network of interactions that results in defense against microorganisms that survive within phagocytes or other cells. The response is initiated by the recognition of intracellular microorganism antigen by T cells through the histocompatibility complex. In the CD8 response, only the target cell carrying the class I associated antigen can be lysed or induced to apoptosis. In another mechanism of the cellular response, CD4 + Th1 T cells activate, for example, cytokine-infected macrophages such as IFN. When a pathogen resists the effects of activated macrophages, chronic infection may develop.
The hormonal immunity response leads to the destruction of extracellular microorganisms and prevents or decreases the spread of intracellular cells by neutralizing, opsonizing and activating the complement system.
Answer:
Explanation:
In the upper thermosphere, atomic oxygen (O), atomic nitrogen (N), and helium (He) are the main components of air.
I’m pretty sure the answers are- Oxygen and glucose
