Answer:
Alpine tundra areas are found only at high elevations.
Explanation:
The arctic tundra is a specific region that covers the northernmost parts of the world from the north pole and extending south, whereas alpine tundra are found across the world at high altitudes.
Answer:
The difference is 4 km
Explanation:
150 / 5 = 30
130 / 5 = 26
30 - 26 = 4 km
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Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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Answer:
Independent variable: ALTITUDE
dependent variable: GROWTH OF PLANTS
Confounding variable: STOREYS OF THE BUILDING
Explanation:
In an experiment, the basic components i.e primary variables that an experiment should contain, are the independent and dependent variables.
- The independent variable is the variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment. In this experiment, the ALTITUDE of the plant is the independent variable.
- The dependent variable is the variable that responds to changes to the independent variable. It is the variable measured in an experiment. In this case, the dependent variable is the GROWTH OF THE PLANTS.
- The confounding variable is a variable that has an extra influence on the outcome of the experiment. In other words, the confounding variable has an impact on the dependent variable. In this case, the confounding variable is the STOREYS OF THE BUILDING.
