During mitosis, chromosomes are moved and separated through the use of spindles composed of microtubule structures.
Explanation:
Throughout mitosis, the chromosomes are initial replicated (copied) and so distributed into a pair of new "daughter" cells. They're replicated throughout the S section of interphase, and within the following phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) are organized, separated, and repackaged at opposite ends of the cell, at that purpose the cell divides. The strand of chromosomes split just like the cell throughout the cellular division. They split in half.
Answer:
I think it is C but I'm not 100% sure
The mechanism of action of Bordetella pertussis is to stop the cilia of epithelial cells from beating.
<em>Bordetella pertussis</em> is a pathogenic, gram-negative bacteria. It is the causative agent of highly communicable respiratory disease known as pertussis or whooping cough.
The mechanism of action of Bordetella pertussis:
- This bacterium colonizes the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory airways of the host.
- A surface protein on the bacteria called filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin binds to sulfatides on the cilia of epithelial cells. When the bacterium is anchored, it releases tracheal cytotoxin, which prevents the cilia from beating.
- As a result, the cilia in an organism's lungs are unable to sweep out foreign material, and the body reacts by causing the host to cough. When people cough, bacteria are released into the air, where they might spread to other hosts.
- Another toxin called the pertussis toxin, often known as PTx, prevents adenylate cyclase from using ATP to convert to cyclic AMP. This results in over-conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which may interfere with cellular signaling systems. As a result, phagocytes are unable to respond to an infection effectively.
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