Scholars have always been interested in distinctive phenomena in culture and religion. Thus the accounts and achievements of yogis and mystics received attention at an early stage. There is a similar tendency with shamans, different kinds of sorcerers and with the "group-hysterical" phenomena that have appeared from time to time. There is, on the other hand, no major collection of research contributions on all the phenomena belonging to this field. Before I proceed to discuss some of the research produced over this vast area, I shall introduce some of the technical terms and concepts current in this field of study. Ecstasy is derived from a Greek word, with the original meaning of removing oneself from a given place. By an extended sense of the word, this implies that the ego is no longer in the physical frame. In Latin it can be translated by "alienatio" (Spoerri 1968, 1 f.). In research it has come to signify different states of consciousness that are characterised by unusual achievements, peculiar experiences and odd behaviour. In the Encyclopae- dia of Religion and Ethics from 1912 we have a fairly short but nonetheless lucid definition as follows: an abnormal state of consciousness, in which the reaction of the mind to external stimuli is either inhibited or altered in character. In its more restricted sense, as used in mystical theology, it is almost equivalent to 'trance' " (Inge 1912, 157). We have a number of monographs on the subject of ecstatic phenomena both within Christianity and beyond. Older studies include those of Achelis (1902), Beck (s. a.) and
Explanation:A number of factors led to an explosion of alcohol consumption in the early 1800s. First, the British halted their participation in the American molasses/rum trade, objecting to its connections with slavery, while the federal government also began to tax rum in the 1790s.
