Answer:
The correct answer is: d. REs activity is best preserved by freezing the RE and thawing it out for brief periods of time as needed.
Explanation:
- Restriction enzymes can be defined as endonucleases that can recognize specific nucleotide sequence in a DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence and cause breakage of phosphodiester bond in the DNA at the target site. Hence, it has the capacity of cleaving a DNA sequence.
- These are made up of proteins which are required to be present in the accurately folded conformation in order to function.
- Any form of alteration in the three-dimensional structure of the protein induced due to physical, chemical, mechanical or physiological factors can cause denaturation of the protein which in turn can render the protein non-functional.
- Freezing of restriction enzymes (REs) directly without the use of glycerol will cause the movement of water molecules within the proteins as well layering of water molecules on the protein surface.
- At low temperature these water molecules change to ice crystals which can alter the conformation of the protein or can cause breakage of peptide bonds in the proteins by physical force.
- This can cause the protein to get denatured and hence non-functional.
- Hence, it is never advisable to preserve REs by freezing directly without glycerol.
- Glycerol forms a layer around the protein molecules and prevents the protein molecules from coming into direct contact with the water molecules and hence prevents protein denaturation.
Explanation:
<u>Three.</u>
Photosynthesis produces glucose and O2 from inorganic CO2, light energy and water. This occurs in distinct steps: 1) light fixation, 2) electron transport and NADPH production 3) ATP generation, then 4) carbon fixation and carbohydrate production.
6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Further Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a chemical process, essential to plant and other primary producers producing energy. As oxygen is emitted, energy in the form of glucose molecules is created from light, water, and carbon dioxide. It happens in several complicated stages, photosynthesis is a speed-limited process, depending on several factors including concentration of carbon dioxide, ambient temperature and light intensity; energy is extracted from photons, i.e. light particles, and water is used as a reduction agent. It occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules live like chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis occurs in several complex steps and is a reaction of a small duration, depending on several fa factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. Water supplies the chlorophyll in plant cell with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II.
Additionally,
- Water (H2O) divided into H+ and OH-by light during photolysis serves as a source of oxygen along with acting as a reduction agent; it reduces the NADP molecule to NADPH by supplying H+ ions and generates molecules of the energy storage molecule ATP through an electron transport chain.
- This happens in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules reside like chlorophyll.
- Later, NADP and NADPH are used in dark reactions during the Calvin cycle, where monosaccharides or sugars such as glucose are produced after several molecules have been modified. These store energy in their bonds which in the mitochondria can be released in respiration.
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Answer: phytoplankton
Explanation: shrimp and krill are primary consumers. Primary consumers rely on producers for food. Phytoplankton are producers.
