Carbon cycle refers to an array of procedures by which the compounds of carbon are interconverted in the environment, comprising the inclusion of carbon dioxide into living tissue by the process of photosynthesis and then getting back into the atmosphere via respiration, the burning of fossil fuels, and the decomposition of dead organisms.
The following are the steps that illustrate how the carbon cycle functions:
1. Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from combustion and respiration.
2. The absorption of carbon dioxide takes place by the producers to manufacture glucose in photosynthesis.
3. The animals feed on the plant passing the carbon components through the food chain. The majority of the consumed carbon is exhaled in the form of CO2, which was produced at the time of aerobic respiration. The plants and animals die eventually.
4. The dead plants and animals get dissociated by the dead organisms and return the carbon present in their bodies back to the atmosphere as CO2 by the process of respiration. In certain occasions, the dead plant and animals get converted into fossil fuel, which is available in future for combustion.
"The set of observable characteristics of an individual..." is what i found on google, so i'm guessing its a.
hope this helps :)
It is true that telomerase activity declines with old age which explains why cells lose their ability to divide after many replications.
Telomeres are DNA–protein complexes found at the ends of each chromosome they contain repetitive sequences of DNA. Telomeres protect the genome from nucleic bases degradation, unnecessary recombination, repair, and prevent the fusion of chromosomes. Telomeres, therefore, play a vital role in preserving the information in our genome.
Telomeres shorten with every consecutive DNA replication cycle limiting the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo, Telomeres act as a tumor suppressor by halting the replication of cells which contains several mutations after many division cycles.
To learn more about tumor suppressors here
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Answer:
Humoral immunity:
Humoral immunity is mediated by the macromolecules present in the extracellular fluid. This immunity provides protection against the pathogens present in the extracellular fluid. B- cells are mainly produced by the humoral immunity. The plasma cell and memory cells are generated in the human body. Antibodies kill the pathogens in humoral immunity.
Cell mediated immunity:
Cell mediated immunity is activated by the infected cells. This immunity provides protection against intracellular pathogens. T- cells are mainly produced by cell mediated immunity. T helper cells and T killer cells are mainly produced in the cell mediated immunity. Cytokines kill the pathogens in case of cell mediated immunity.
