Autotroph: a creature that obtains its carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide
Chemotroph: an organism that obtains energy from chemical substances-Heterotroph: an organism that must receive its carbon in an organic form
Phototroph: an organism that produces energy from sunlight
The term "primary nutritional groups" refers to a category of creatures that are separated into subcategories based on the sources of carbon and energy that they require for survival, growth, and reproduction. Carbon can come from organic or inorganic sources, and energy can be derived from either light or chemical molecules. ATP, carbs, or proteins are used to store the liberated energy as potential energy. The energy is eventually put to use for activities essential to life, like movement, growth, and reproduction.
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Answer:
Mitochondrial DNA is circular, so it doesn't shorten when it replicates unlike the rest. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
Using the gas pedal analogy, the proto-oncogene would be an accelerator since they promote cell division and
deregulate apoptosis, while tumor suppressor would
be the brakes since they constrain the progress of the cell
cycle and induce cell apoptosis. An
oncogene is, therefore, when the accelerator
is stuck in down position and the brakes are not working.