There have been 5 Mass Extinctions throughout Earth's history.
This process is called autophagy.
Autophagy is an intracellular process of degradation, which includes the destruction of cytoplasmic components in the lysosomes. These components are considered unnecessary or dysfunctional and that is why they are recycled by the cell.
Autophagy has four sequential steps which are the sequestration, the transport of the components to the lysosome, the degradation, and the recycling and utilization of the degradation products.
Autophagy is considered as an adaptive response to stress by ensuring the survival of the cell and the tissue.
Answer:
Reproduction in prokaryotes is asexual and usually takes place by binary fission. Recall that the DNA of a prokaryote exists as a single, circular chromosome. Prokaryotes do not undergo mitosis. Rather the chromosome is replicated and the two resulting copies separate from one another due to the growth of the cell.
Explanation:
Hi again! Thank you so much for the points.
Answer: If one is constructing a phylogeny of reptiles using DNA sequence data of birds, mammals, amphibians or fish, the suitable outgroup to be used are mammals due to the time of divergence from other group of organisms.
Explanation: Phylogeny is used to determine evolutionary relationship between items or organisms. A phylogenetic tree is a graphical illustration of phylogenetic relationship. In phylogeny, an outgroup represent an organism that is more distantly related to other group of organisms.
In a phylogenetic tree, outgroup stands alone. It shows that the time of divergence of that particular organism is far from other group of organisms. Outgroup is used to root a tree and sometimes represent a group that is more ancestral on a tree.
It should be noted that differences in the DNA sequences of the organisms under consideration will determine which organism will serve as the outgroup.
Normally it’s the plasmodesmata that allows exchange of molecules between adjacent cells. But I’m still not sure if water is included!
