Explanation: All of the choices provided about Carl's use of substances are true. First, he shows that he has characteristics of addictive behaviour when he denies that he has a problem with drug use, when he boasts about his capacity to drink alcohol, and when he dismisses the risks of mixing alcohol and drugs. Moreover, Carl has a substance abuse problem he desires to drink and use drugs day and night and even to mix the substances. He also has a substance dependence problem because, when he is not drinking, he is using "speed" and, when he needs to sleep, he takes Valium. In that way, Carl has both substance abuse and substance dependence problems and he also behaves as an addict.

3 0

2 years ago

When the number of pathogens that can damage cells and cause them to burst increases, this is know as:

zhuklara [117]

Answer:

D. Immune response

Explanation:

An immune response is defined as any reaction that occurs within a host when its body recognizes and defends itself against pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, protists, etc) and/or chemical compounds that look to be foreign and harmful to the body. When the number of detected pathogenic microorganisms increases, the immune system in the host responds by producing cells that attack them or by producing proteins (i.e., antibodies) that destroy the harmful substances. A substance capable of triggering an immune response is known as an antigen (e.g., a structural protein of a pathogenic virus). There are two distinct types of immune responses: 1-innate immune responses, where the body mounts a response immediately without requiring a previous contact with the harmful antigen and does not retain a memory of previous responses; and 2- adaptive immune responses that only occur after exposure to an antigen, these responses are slower but they are specific and produce immunological memory.

3 0

2 years ago