Step 1: glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
Step 2: Completes breakdown of carbon dioxide, makes small amounts of ATP, provides electrons
Step 3: electron transport chain, chemiosmosis; energy from electrons-- produces 32 ATP
The are formed by cells building carbohydrates polymers, they use energy
to form glycosidic linkages..the bonds between monosaccarides...which
is made by joining two specific monomers, glucose and fructose.
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Below are the choices:
homogenous mixture
<span>heterogeneous mixture </span>
<span>semi mixture
</span>
You want to decorate the bottom of an aquarium with brightly colored rocks of different shapes and sizes. this describes a homogenous mixture<span>
</span>
<span>The word hetero means different. Since the rocks are varied i assume it would be a heterogeneous mixture.</span>
Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
Energy is used to break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
