Plantations
The flat land was good for farming and so the landowners built very large farms called plantations. The crops that were grown were called cash crops because they were harvested for the specific purpose of selling to others.
Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries.
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production, and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century.
The answer is d) a sense of alienation
C push factors are negative things