Answer: The mother of the man can be either XHXH or XHXh and pass her normal allele to the son and his father can be either XHY or XhY, he only passes his Y chromosome. The mother of the woman can be XHXH or XHXh and the father could be XhY, then she could have inherited the normal allele from the mother and the affected allele from the father. But also, the mother of the woman could be XHXh or XhXh and the father could be XHY, so in this case she could have inherited the normal alele from the father and the affected allele from the mother.
Explanation:
Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. This can cause bleeding either spontaneously or after an injury.
<u>It is related to the X chromosome and it is recessive for females</u>, this mean they need both affected alleles to develop the trait. <u>Males only need one recessive allele because they only have one X chromosome</u>. This means that females need both parents to be at least carriers (although one or both can also have the disease or both recessive alleles). While males inherit it only from the mother, either she is a carrier (one recessive allele) or she has the disease (both recessive alleles). Then the mother passes the X chromosome with the affected allele to the son, and that son only receives the Y chromosome from the father, which does not have the gene that determines this disease.
If the mother is a carrier, her genotype is XHXh, being XH the normal allele and Xh the affected allele. She does not have hemophilia because she has a dominant allele. The father is XHY, so he does not have the disease because his only allele is normal (dominant)
The mother of the man can be either XHXH (she can only pass a normal allele) or XHXh and pass her normal allele to the son (in this case, the recessive allele is not inherited by chance.) His father can be either XHY or XhY, he only passes his Y chromosome which is not related to the disease. The mother of the woman can be XHXH or XHXh and the father could be XhY, then she could have inherited the normal allele from the mother and the affected allele from the father. But also, the mother of the woman could be XHXh or XhXh and the father could be XHY, so in this case she could have inherited the normal alele from the father and the affected allele from the mother.
Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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The CPT code that should be reported by the obsterician is 76816.
CPT codes used for obstetrician ultrasound ranges from 76801 to 76821. The description of the codes is based on the procedures that are carried out.
CPT code 76816 is used to bill a follow up study. The medical examination perform in this case include: re-assessing the size and the interval growth of the fetus and examination of abnormality previously observed on previous scan. <span />
Answer:
A
Explanation:
its the one that makes more sense to me
