The option which is not a characteristic of chordates is chloroplasts in their cells.
Chordates do have a dorsal supporting rod (vertebrates are types of chordates - they have a spine), a dorsal hollow nerve cord (within the spine), and pharyngeal pouches. However, they do not have chloroplasts, because that is a characteristic of photoautothropic eukaryotes, which chordates certainly are not.
Explanation:
Before a chemical reaction, the elements and compounds which are about to take part in the reaction are known as reactants.
And, when the chemical reaction takes place between the given elements and compounds then they change into products.
For example, we take sodium and chlorine elements and before any chemical reaction they are the reactants.
But when a chemical reaction takes place between sodium and chlorine then it results into the formation of sodium chloride which is the product.
The specific volume will be different for various kinds of cells. The safe answer would be that the new cell will pretty much have the same volume as the one that it divided from. This is true for most eukaryotic cells unless other factors like epigenetics or mutations come into place.
One example of moments a cell would increase in volume is during hypertrophy. This simply means that the cell is increasing in size (compared to: hyperplasia -- which is an increase in number of the cells). Hypertrophy is definitely an increase in volume of the cell but this doesn't necessarily translate to cell division (i.e. just because the cell is big now, doesn't mean it will still be big when it divides).
Another moment of increasing volume of the cell and now also related to cell division would be during the two stages in the cell cycle (i.e., G1 and G2 phases). This is the growth phase of the cell preparing to divide. However when mitosis or division happens, the cells will normally end with the same volume as when it started.
This are safe generalizations referring to the human cells. It would help if a more specific kind of cell was given.
The direct source of energy to move the sailboat is probably wind, since wind is what pushes the sail of the sailboat, which is what propels the sailboat forward.
Hope this helps!
