Answer:
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
Explanation:
Helper T cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by MHC class II molecules, which are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete cytokines that regulate or assist the immune response.
Answer:
all cells so the last one
This is stratified keratinized squamous epithelium.
<h3>What are the characteristics of stratified keratinized squamous epithelium?</h3>
- A kind of stratified squamous epithelium known as keratinized stratified squamous epithelium has cells that have multiple layers of thick keratin in the apical portion of the cells.
- Skin and underlying tissues can benefit from the stiff, fibrous intracellular protein keratin's ability to protect them from heat, bacteria, and chemicals.
- In the process of keratinization, the cells build up keratin as they ascend, transforming into thin, metabolically inert pockets of keratin devoid of nuclei.
- As cells distance themselves from the nutritive blood supply and the organelles eventually perish, the relative amount of keratin in the cells rises.
- The cells on the top layer lose all function as a result of keratinization and are now primarily involved in protecting against mechanical stress and dehydration.
Learn more about stratified keratinized squamous epithelium here:
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Answer:
The structural cells of the nervous system are called <u>neurons</u>.
Also, there are two main cell types; such as <u>neurons</u> and <u>neuroglia</u>.
Explanation:
