Occurrence of diversity in ecosystem sustains particular characteristic of a biological community and also ensures stability of the community. Transgenic crops may affect insect biodiversity by unintended impacts on non-target arthropod population. For example, transgenic GM cotton specific to target lepidopterous pests can change the cotton pest spectrum and may induce the growth of new harmful pest species having no pest status. The change in species composition may influence IPM approach in cotton crop. The results of authors’ research studies as well as global impact indicate that GM cotton is highly specific to target pests and has no unintended impact on non-target insect population. GM cotton provides significant season-long field control of target pests (Helicoverpa armigera, Earias spp. and Pectinophora gossypiella), with no significant control of Spodoptera species. The decreased insecticide use in GM cotton has a positive impact on beneficial insect populations and can increase the stability of rare species.
The caterpillars instead ate the cotton flowers and damaged cotton production.
<u>Explanation:</u>
Bt cotton was developed for cold temperate countries like the US where pests are limited - chiefly the bollworm, against which the Bt toxin works and pest load in fields is not high.
But the problem is with the warmer climates like India, where bollworms flourish. Over time, because of the sheer amount of bollworms in warmer climates like India or Southern United States, these bollworms grown an immunity to the Bt toxin and we are back to square one.
When you multiply a negative number by a positive number then the product is always negative. When you multiply two negative numbers or two positive numbers then the product is always positive. 3 times 4 equals 12. Since there is one positive and one negative number, the product is negative 12.
