Energy flows in one direction, and matter cycles through the environment.
Explanation:
• Energy passes on from the producers (plants) up to the final consumer who absorbs it all. When final consumer dies, also energy collapses. So, more energy will be required hence a new cycle begins.
• Matter such as nutrients are taken up from primary consumers to the final consumer. When final consumer dies, its nutrients decompose are reused by the producers hence cycle repeats again.
When the population belonging to the same biological species becomes separated from each other due to some geographical factor such that no gene flow can occur between the two separated populations then the speciation that occurs on account of this is known as allopatric speciation.
The geographical isolation that separates the two groups can be the origin of a mountain, the formation of islands, volcanic eruption, etc. which prevents the two groups fro mating with each other and ultimately causes their lineage to speciate.
Although the two separate populations are unable to mate due to geographical factors, if the two populations are allowed to mate again, given that they have not been separated very long ago, they can give rise to hybrids.
Thus, in the given question it is given that polar bears and grizzly bears have been mated and hybrids have been produced and this points out to the fact that polar bears are result of allopatric speciation.
