Mutations can affect the coding of "base pairs" in the chromosome of an individual by various means like:
1) by Deletion
2) by Duplication
3) by Translocation
4) by Inversion
After all that changes, codes deviates from normal information & can affect individual in negative way. In that manner, Mutations affect individual traits.
Hope this helps!
Protein
Proteins are the most versatile
macromolecules in living systems and they play important roles in essentially
all biological processes. Protein makes up the capsid of a virus. The infective
extracellular form of a virus known as a virion contains at
least one unique protein synthesized by specific genes in the nucleic acid of
that virus. In almost all viruses, at least one of these proteins forms a shell
(called a capsid) around the nucleic acid. Certain viruses also have other
proteins internal to the capsid. Some of these proteins act as enzymes during
the synthesis of viral nucleic acids.
Higher on the outside,
because the potatoes feel heavier, that means they must contain more water, which also means they had to have sucked in some water or had more water in them to begin with.
concentration usually likes to go from high to low in order to balance things out, so the only way water could enter the cells through osmosis would be if the concentration of water were higher on the outside of the cells
The right option is granulosa
cells to produce estrogens
In the female reproductive
system, FSH stimulates granulosa cells to produce estrogens. FSH acts on a single
flat layer of support cells known as granulosa cells. It makes the cells active
as they increase in size and proliferate to produce estrogens.
