The Spanish Civil War started in July 1936 with the military coup leaded by General Franco, which started a rebellion against the democratically elected Republican goverment. Since the establishment of a Republic and the abolition of the monarchy in 1931, mostly left-wing parties and progressisf leaders had won the elections.
The most conservative sectors of the army followed the fascist general Franco who, during the war, received the support of Hitler and Mussolini, specially, of their aviation military units. The democratic European states refused to help the Spanish Republic and only the URSS contributed by sending some armament.
The war ended in 1939 with the victory of the fascists and the establishment of a military dictatorship that would last until the death of Franco, the dictator, in 1975.
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Herbert Hoover took office in 1929 with a display of optimism and the promise of a "New Day." In his inaugural, he boasted that "in no nation are the fruits of accomplishment more secure" and claimed that "anyone not only can be rich, but ought to be rich." He warned his audience of the dangers of a large and activist federal government but also decried the self-serving greed of large corporations. Hoover reiterated his belief in the centrality of the individual in the American experience, the theme he had developed at some length in his 1922 book American Individualism.
