Explanation:
As The Cell To Divide The Cell Make a Copy that make an Chromosome
The Chromosome are Called Sister Chromatids . The Sister are identical to the one another and are attracted to each other by Proteins Called Cohesins
This process is called mitosis
We can use a punnet square to predict the outcomes of the offspring when crossing two tall plants, and base the experiment we will perform on those probabilities.
A punnet square is a tool used by many genetic scientists. It uses the genetic makeup of the parents to guess those of the offspring. The punnet square will give us probabilities for each outcome. We can design an experiment in which we make predictions using a punnet square based on Hom-ozygous alleles and heterozygous alleles.
Only by using two Hom-ozygous plants can we guarantee 100% tall plants, and only by using two heterozygous plants can we produce a short plant. Therefore, we can repeat the experiments until a short plant appears or we can only tall plants, and this way we can single out the Hom-ozygous and heterozygous plants.
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Nicked circle is the reason.
Explanation:
During recombinant DNA technology the gene of interest is ligated to plasmid DNA by excision with molecular scissors or endonuclease enzyme and ligated with enzyme ligase.
Enzyme ligase catalysed by ATP seals the nicks by making phosphodiester bonds in the ds or ss DNA and release of ADP.
The ligation in the plasmid did not occur properly hence the replication is interrupted hence no new plasmids with gene of interest replicated in the ligation carried out.