Answer:
mutation rates can be used to design molecular clocks in order to estimate divergence times among species
Explanation:
In evolutionary biology, the substitution rates (also known as mutation rates) are used for the development of 'molecular clocks' which allow estimating the divergence times among species or among taxonomic groups. Molecular clocks can be designed by estimating the divergence rate of nucleotide sequences (either DNA or RNA) and amino acid (protein) sequences. These substitution rates can also be used to track how quickly viruses evolve (for example, in a pandemic situation).
active transport. The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane in the direction opposite that of diffusion, that is, from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration. Active transport requires the assistance of a type of protein called a carrier protein, using energy supplied by ATP.
Answer:
after Clark was treated with a hypertonic solution? increased Na concentration in matrix of brain caused water from blood to move in to the brain which increased the matrix pressure. Pressure caused the neuron firing rate to increase which increased the likelihood of seizures.
Explanation:
hope this helps :)
