<h3><u>Full Question:</u></h3>
The following compound has been found effective in treating pain and inflammation (J. Med. Chem. 2007, 4222). Which sequence correctly ranks each carbonyl group in order of increasing reactivity toward nucleophilic addition?
A) 1 < 2 < 3
B) 2 < 3 < 1
C) 3 < 1 < 2
D) 1 < 3 < 2
<h3><u>Answer: </u></h3>
The rate of nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds is 2<3 <1.
Option B
<h3><u>Explanation. </u></h3>
Nucleophilic attack is explained as the attack of an electron rich radical to a carbonyl compound like aldehyde or a ketone. A nucleophile has a high electron density, so it searches for a electropositive atom where it can donate a portion of its electron density and become stable.
A carbonyl compound is a
hybridized carbon atom with a double bonded oxygen atom in it. The oxygen atom pulls a huge portion of electron density from carbon being very electropositive.
In a ketone, there are two factors that make it less likely to undergo a nucleophilic attack than aldehyde. Firstly, the steric hindrance of two carbon groups being attached with the carbonyl carbon makes it harder for the nucleophile to approach. Secondly, the electron push by the carbon groups attached makes the carbonyl carbon a bit less electropositive than the aldehyde one. So aldehydes are more reactive towards a nucleophilic addition reaction.
Answer:
0.001 M OH-
Explanation:
[OH-] = 10^-pOH, so
pOH + pH = 14 and 14 - pH = pOH
14 - 11 = 3
[OH⁻] = 10⁻³ ; [OH-] = 0.001 M OH-
Answer:
Heating this gas to 55 °C will raise its volume to 6.87 liters.
Assumption: this gas is ideal.
Explanation:
By Charles's Law, under constant pressure the volume
of an ideal gas is proportional to its absolute temperature
(the one in degrees Kelvins.)
Alternatively, consider the ideal gas law:
.
is the number of moles of particles in this gas.
should be constant as long as the container does not leak.
is the ideal gas constant.
is the pressure on the gas. The question states that the pressure on this gas is constant.
Therefore the volume of the gas is proportional to its absolute temperature.
Either way,
.
.
For the gas in this question:
- Initial volume:
.
Convert the two temperatures to degrees Kelvins:
- Initial temperature:
. - Final temperature:
.
Apply Charles's Law:
.
Answer:
B: Carbon Dioxide emissions from fossil fuels