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D- Topsoil, Subsoil, and Parent Soil
Primary succession is one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life, occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and other organisms usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited. In other words, it is the gradual growth of an ecosystem over a longer period.
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Ikr it's not fair anyways I would answer your question but I'm a little slow lol
