Cells are simply the basic units from which living things are made of, some are single cell organisms while others could be made of thousands, millions or billions of cells.
Metabolism refers to the sum total of chemical reactions that take place usually, but not by any means always, inside cells e.g they could also occur in the blood plasma or in inter-cellular spaces. They are indispensable for sustaining life.
Answer:
c. causes cells to swell and burst, whereas apoptotic cells shrink and condense
Explanation:
These two mechanism are responsible for death of cells in multi cellular organisms.Apoptosis is naturally occurring process which is well organised and programmed.It is ensures the automatic death of old and worn out cells, needed for certain cellular developments. This is demonstrated by DNA fragmentation,cell shrinkage,and the break down of the nuclear walls.It can be initiated through two pathways of intrinsic and extrinsic,The latter leads to death from internal factors,while in the former is when external factor causes the death .
However,when cell death is influenced by external factors(toxins) in the cell environments,which lead to unpredictable or unregulated process leading to cell death ,the process is called Necrosis.it is demonstrated with the swelling and busting of the cell.and characterised with inflammation. It is an accidental death which causes injuries to the cells and tissues.
Parentals - TT x tt.
F1 generation :
- Genotypes = All Tt (Because all inherit 'T' from parent 1 and 't' from parent 2).
- Phenotypes = All Tall (Because the Tall trait is completely dominant to dwarf.
First question:
a. Gastrulation
Gastrulation is a phase<span> of the </span>embryonic development<span> in </span>animals. It doesn't occur in plants or any other organism. The other options can be put apart because <span>multicellularity, sexual reproduction, and </span>flagellated sperm are also characteristics that are present in plants, for example. Heterotrophic nutrition is something that's part of all <span>animals as well as non green plants.
Second question:
a. M</span><span>ulticellularity
</span>Synapomorphy is <span>a shared </span>trait <span>that distinguishes a </span>clade<span> from other organisms. C</span>hoanoflagellates are considered the most close ancestors to the animals distinguishing from them by multicellularity. They are very studied with the purpose to know the mechanisms of colonies' formation and evolution to multicellular animals.
Third question:
<span>d. Choanoflagellates
This are the most closely related living protist group. The </span>choanoflagellates are very similar to the ch<span>oanocytes of the sponges bringing them into closeness with the animals. They even aggregate in colonies, and are thought, because of all of this, to be the closest branch of single cells to that of the animals.</span>
It would be up to 30 molecules of ATP.
