Answer:
Arterial blood gas (ABG) results from a 68-year-old woman with difficulty breathing show:
- Oxygenation (PaO₂): hypoxemia
- pH: acidosis
- PaCO₂: Hypercapnia
- HCO₃⁻: normal
whose interpretation is: <u>respiratory acidosis</u>.
Hypercapnia can produce symptoms such as confusion, drowsiness or lethargy, headache, nausea and vomiting and, in severe states, can cause severe unconsciousness and coma.
Explanation:
Respiratory acidosis is due to a failure in the breathing process that produces <u>hypoventilation</u>, decreasing the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) —hypoxemia— and increasing the partial pressure of CO₂ (PaCO₂), called hypercapnia.
- <u><em>Acidosis</em></u><em> is the result of the accumulation of CO₂ in the body, which is reflected as a decrease in </em><em>pH</em><em> below 7.35, with no change in bicarbonate content.</em>
- <u><em>Hypoxemia</em></u><em> is the decrease of PaO₂ below 60 mmHg.</em>
- <u><em>Hypercapnia</em></u><em> is the increase of PaCO₂ in ABG above 45 mmHg.</em>
- <em>Normal </em><em>bicarbonate</em><em> </em><em>(HCO₃⁻) </em><em>values range from 22 to 28 mEq/L in ABG. This compound can be altered in metabolic acidosis.</em>
<u>Hypercapnia mainly affects the nervous system</u>, producing symptoms that alter the state of consciousness of the affected, also producing headache and even nausea and vomiting.
Answer:
The diagram presented is useful to understand the difference between these two types of exchange, which represents two fluid streams that travel parallel separated by a semipermeable or thermo-conductive membrane. The blue color represents the lowest value of the characteristic to be exchanged, while the red color indicates the highest value, so that the direction of the transfer will be of the fluid with the highest value to the lowest value. In the specific case of heat, the movement follows the second law of thermodynamics and in the case of solids as solutes the phenomenon of osmosis is followed. Exchange in equicorrent and countercurrent.
Direct flow
In this system the two fluids go in the same direction and their gradient varies along the flow path. Taking into account that the fluid present in the two tubes is the same, this method of exchange is only capable of exchanging half of the property (heat, matter, concentration, etc.) between fluids, no matter how long the flow path If either of the two currents changes their property by 50% or more, the exchange will be interrupted since the gradient is reduced to zero, indicating that the equilibrium point has been reached. In case of having unequal flows, the equilibrium conditions will be a little closer to the conditions of the current that has the greatest flow.
Following nursing ethics, the nurse should not allow the sponsor to review the record.
<h3>What ethics should the nurse follow?</h3>
- Ethics are moral rules that oversee how the individual or a organization will act or respond to a situation.
- Nursing ethics is the applied discipline that tends to the ethical principle of nursing practice.
- Moral qualities are fundamental for all medical services laborers. Ethical practice is an establishment for medical caretakers, who deal with moral issues day to day.
- There are four fundamental principles of ethics: autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence.
- Every patient has the option to settle on their own choices in view of their own convictions and values (autonomy).
- Medical services laborers have an obligation to cease from abuse, limit hurt, and advance great towards patients (beneficence).
- All patients reserve a privilege to be dealt with fairly and similarly by others (justice).
- Patients reserve an option to no damage. Non-maleficence expects that attendants try not to hurt patients.
Learn about difference between law and ethics here:
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