Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
<h2>Angiosperms </h2>
Explanation:
Angiosperms are the most diverse group of plants, some statements which reflect angiosperm adaptations to life on land:
- Flowers attract animal pollinators carrying pollen from other plants of the same species
- Fruits aid in the dispersal of seeds by wind or by animals that carry or eat the fruits
- In many angiosperms, the male gametophyte contained in a pollen grain can be transported many miles away by wind or animal pollinators
- Floral parts of the sporophyte protect the reduced female gametophyte from drying out and from UV radiation
- Seeds protect and nourish plant embryos, and fruits protect the seeds
- Seeds enable plant embryos to be dispersed long distances from the parent plant via wind or animals
Nonpoint source so your answer would be B.
