A. <span>Exposure to an antigen
Exposure to viruses and antigens led to the foundation of modern vaccination. Vaccination introduces an antigenic material that helps the ability of the immune system to adapt a specific pathogen, therefore leading to a long-term immunity.</span>
Bonjour!
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This skin is known as the body membrane
Antibiotic resistance happens when an antibiotic lost its ability in controlling or killing bacterial growth. At this moment the bacteria are already resistant to the antibiotic and are multiplying even though the drug is present. This is a natural phenomenon.
Explanation:
(3) active transport
The molecules would be moving against their concentration gradient from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration.
While cells facilitate the transport of molecules via movement across the cell membrane, there many different mechanisms. These include passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and passive transport. However some very large molecules require specialized type of active transport, which requires energy in the form of ATP, in order to move substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient.
Active transport is a mediated process that requires an energy input and the use of specialized membrane proteins to move against the concentration gradient. These proteins require energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATP in order to facilitate necessary conformational changes to the large protein molecules to alter the spatial location of the molecule. For instance, with Na+, K+ pumps in cell membranes.
Learn more about membrane components at brainly.com/question/1971706
Learn more about plasma membrane transport at brainly.com/question/11410881
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