Even if they were unaware of the fraud, accountants may be held accountable for it.
<h3>How does constructive fraud work?</h3>
A legal fable known as "constructive fraud" describes a circumstance in which a person or organization obtained an unfair advantage over another using dishonest or unjust means. As opposed to true fraud, no proof of intent is required. The failure to inform clients of product flaws is one example of unfair practices.
The elements are:
1) a duty owed by the party to be charged to the complaining party due to their relationship;
2) violation of that duty by making deceptive material misrepresentations of past or current facts or remaining silent when a duty to speak exists; and
3) reliance on such statements by the complaining party.
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Answer:
Cost of equity = 14.74%
Explanation:
The capital asset pricing model is a risk-based model for estimating the return on a stock..
Here, the return on equity is dependent on the level of reaction of the the equity to changes in the return on a market portfolio. These changes are captured as systematic risk.
Systematic risks are those which affect all economic actors in the market, they include factors like changes in interest rate, inflation, etc. The magnitude by which a stock is affected by systematic risk is measured by beta.
Under CAPM,
E(r)= Rf + β(Rm-Rf)
E(r)- cost of equity , Rf-risk-free rate , β= Beta, Rm= Return on market.
Using this model, we can work out the value of beta as follows:
β-1.2 Rf- 4.3%, Rm = 13%
E(r) = 4.3% + 1.2 × (13 - 4.3)%=14.74
%
Expected return = 14.74
%
Cost of equity = 14.74%
Answer:
A) Company A is the one that is financially leveraged.
Where there is the presence of debt in the capital structure of a firm, that firm is said to be Financially leveraged.
B) A is true.
A company's return on equity or expected returns increases because the use of leverage increases stock volatility. Volatility increases its level of risk which in turn increases returns. This happens only if the company is operating an ideal level of financial leverage.
On the other hand, however, but excessive debt can increase the risk of default and can lead to low returns or even bankruptcy.
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Answer:
d. the firm will lose $750
Explanation:
marginal cost is the derivate of the cost function: It represent the cost of producting an additional unit
cost: 750 + 5q
dC/dQ = 5
We have determinate that marginal cost is $5 thus, we should price at the same value. The mistake from the goverment is to equalize marginal cost with price instead of marginal revenue.
This will make the firm loss the fixed component of the cost as will sale to pay up the variable cost.
The fixed cost is $750 so that is the loss from operations
If the total production exceeds the total expenditures this means that there are more goods are produced than the demand of each households. Thus, this will lead to an increase of inventory. Then this will signal the manufacturing firm that they have overproduced the goods which will lead to cut back the production. This leads to lesser prices and/or unsold goods alongside with the likelihood of unemployment. Therefore the answer is d.
