explosion.......................... >:(
<span>Some features you may expect to see at the site where two plates converge, or a convergent boundary, would be mountains and volcanoes. It may even form a chain of volcanoes. Earthquakes are likely as well.</span>
Answer:
a. resolve the branching patterns (evolutionary history) of the Lophotrochozoa
b. (the same, it is repeated)
Explanation:
Nemertios (ribbon worms) and foronids (horseshoe worms) are closely related groups of lofotrocozoa. Lofotrocozoans, or simply trocozoans (= tribomastic celomados with trocophoric larva) are a group of animals that includes annelids, molluscs, endoprocts, brachiopods and other invertebrates. They represent a crucial superphylum for our understanding of the evolution of bilateral symmetry animals. However, given the inconsistency between molecular and morphological data for these groups, their origins were not entirely clear. In the work linked above, the first records of genomes of the Nemertine worm Notospermus geniculatus and the foronid Phoronis australis are presented, along with transcriptomes along the adult bodies. Our phylogenetic analyzes based on the genome place Nemertinos as the sister group of the taxon that contains Phoronidea and Brachiopoda. It is shown that lofotrocozoans share many families of genes with deuterotomes, suggesting that these two groups retain a common genetic repertoire of bilaterals that do not possess ecdisozoans (arthropods, nematodes) or platizoos (platelets, sydermats). Comparative transcriptomics demonstrates that foronid and brachiopod lofophores are similar not only morphologically, but also at the molecular level. Although the lofophore and vertebrates show very different cephalic structures, the lofophorees express the vertebrate head genes and neuronal marker genes. This finding suggests a common origin of the bilaterial pattern of the head, although different types of head will evolve independently in each lineage. In addition, we recorded innate immunity expansions of lineage-specific and toxin-related genes in both lofotrocozoa and deuterostomes. Together, this study reveals a dual nature of lofotrocozoans, in which the conserved and specific characteristics of the lineage shape their evolution.
<u>Stem cell </u>research has the potential to significantly impact the development of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson’s disease with considerable progress made in creating dopamine-progressing cells.
Explanation:
Parkinson’s disease, a neurodegenerative disease, leads to reduction of dopamine (a neurochemical messenger which carries messages involving thinking and body movements to brain) in the body because the disease will target and kill dopamine-producing nerve cells (neurons). This leads to loss of movement and thinking abilities which are activated by dopamine.
Stem cells research is done to study about the prospects of stem cells in stem cell therapy for Parkinson’s patients as a viable source of new dopamine nerve cells. Research has been involved in growing stem cells to replace or regenerate dopamine-producing nerve cells by using embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells as a treatment modality in Parkinson’s disease.
Endocytosis. That is the process of the intake of food by creating a vesicle.
