Answer:
Treatment for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
medication to reduce the chances of flare-ups. steroid (cortisone) medication. medication to reduce the activity of the immune system. corrective surgery for complications.
Answer:
The best answer to your question: Which type of neuroglia would play a role in controlling glutamate levels in the chemical environment, would be: Astrocytes.
Explanation:
From among the neuroglia, or support cells in the brain, whose purpose is to aid neurons in their different functions, astrocytes are not just one of the most numerous, but also one of the most vital for neuronal support. Amongst one of their most central functions is to help in the control of neurotransmitter emition and retention in the synaptic cleft, between two communicating neurons, and therefore, helps regulate the responses from post-synaptic, and pre-synaptic neurons. It is also responsible for clearing up the presence of ions in the extracellular space, and producing ATP, which regulates the amount of neurotransmitters that are released, and taken, by pre-synaptic, and post-synaptic neurons.
In ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) the issue with glutamate, a neurotransmitter that excites post-synaptic neurons into releasing excess amounts of calcium, is that this hyper-excitatory response leads neurons, particularly motor neurons, to die, and this is what causes ALS. It has been found through research that astrocytes have to do in this process, but it is not clear yet whether there is a failure in their control system, as ALS is still a condition that is very much under study and still without a cure.
<h3><u>
Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus
</u></h3>
Explanation:
Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are both metabolic endocrine diseases caused due to hormonal imbalance.
<u>Etiology</u><u>:
</u>
<u>Organ and hormone involved</u><u>: </u>
Diabetes mellitus occurs due to inefficiency of the pancreas to produce sufficient amount of the hormone insulin or lack of insulin action resulting in uncontrolled blood glucose levels.
Diabetes insipidus occurs due to inefficiency of the pituitary glands to produce sufficient amount of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin or lack of vasopressin action resulting in uncontrolled water metabolism.
<u>Signs and symptoms:
</u>
Diabetes mellitus results in increasing blood glucose levels, polyuria and nocturia, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue and various other complications affecting eyes, kidneys, nervous system, and heart as the disease progresses.
Diabetes insipidus results in increasing water levels due kidneys excreting large amounts of diluted urine leading to polyuria, polydipsia, and excessive dehydration and fatigue.
<u>Diagnostic/lab tests and results:
</u>
Diabetes mellitus is tested by testing blood glucose levels.
Diabetes insipidus is tested by testing water deprivation or vasopressin level test/the 24-hour urine for urine osmolality levels along with serum electrolyte level tests.
These tests are based on response to vasopressin, urine concentration abilities, urine osmolality, and electrolyte levels of the blood.
The most effective way for the nurse to proceed if the hospitalized client is hearing voices due to psychosis and is easily distracted, thus creating barrier in assessment completion, will be to complete the assessment in several short interactions.
<h3>How should a nurse deal with auditory hallucinations?</h3>
The clients who exhibit impaired cognition and psychotic thought processes tend to have insufficient attention span and thus may sometimes be unable to comprehend the questions being asked to them. The nurse may need several sessions with such clients to complete the assessment.
The most important aspect of such assessment is keeping the client under observation, but it also includes interaction with the client and engaging them in verbal communications. Only following this can ensure complete assessment. Psychiatric medications take some time to show their effect and the assessment shall be completed in a timely manner. In addition to this, the nurse can prepare themselves by planning for future acute psychiatric presentations by understanding how a client presents when in a psychotic state. It is within the scope of each nurse to complete the assessment. In the present scenario, the nurse has not been ineffective. The condition of the client is not favorable for conducting the complete assessment at once.
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The instructions which the nurse should include on the list after treating a patient with tuberculosis include the following:
- Activities should be resumed gradually.
- A sputum culture is needed every 2 to 4 weeks once medication therapy is initiated.
- Respiratory isolation is not necessary because family members already have been exposed.
- Cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing and put used tissues in plastic bags.
<h3>What is Tuberculosis?</h3>
This refers to a disease which is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacteria attacks the lungs thereby resulting in symptoms such as coughing, weight loss etc.
After being treated, the patient can resume activities and don't need any isolation but should ensure that the mouth and nose are covered and disposed properly when coughing.
A sputum culture is needed every 2 to 4 weeks once medication therapy is initiated so as to confirm the absence of the bacteria so as to discontinue drug usage.
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