Answer:
3 > 2> 1
Explanation:
Aromatic compounds undergo electrophilic substitution reaction which passes through a positively charged intermediate to yield the product.
Substituted benzenes may be more or less reactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution than benzene molecule depending on the nature of the substituent.
Certain substituents increase the ease of reaction of benzene towards aromatic substitution.
If we look at the compounds closely, we will notice that toluene reacts readily with CH3Cl / AlCl3. This is because, the methyl group is electron donating hence it stabilizes the positively charged intermediate produced in the reaction.
Carbonyl compounds are electron withdrawing substituents hence they decrease the magnitude of the positive charge and hence decrease the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Not necessarily.
<h3>Explanation</h3>
Isomers might differ in polarities. They will end up with different physical properties such as melting points.
Example:
- 1,2-dichlorobenzene has a melting point of around -18 ~ -17 degrees celsius. (SynQuest)
- 1,4-dichlorobenzene (with two chlorine opposite to each other on a benzene ring) has a melting point of 52 ~ 54 degrees celsius. (SynQuest)
Both 1,4- and 1,2-dichlorobenzene contains two chlorine atoms connected to a benzene ring. The two molecules are structural isomers.
The two chlorine atoms are adjacent to each other in the 1,2 isomer. The molecule is asymmetric and polar.
The two chlorine align with an axis of symmetry in the 1,4 isomer. The molecule is symmetric. The dipoles would cancel out to produce a nonpolar molecule.
Dipole-dipole interactions are typically stronger than <em>induced</em> dipole<em> </em>in isomers. As a result, the 1,2 isomer has a higher melting point.
Answer:
Ionic compounds that ionize completely in water
The answer is <span>6.02x 10^23.</span>
Hey there!:
The fractional saturation y is defined as :
y = [ L ] / Kd + [ L ]
where :
[ L ] = concentration of binding ligand
Kd = 400 nm
