Answer:
counteracting powerful factions
Negative. Napoleon came after him, as the spearhead of the French Revolution in response to Louis XVI's poor ruling. (He was a very kind and generous man, but didn't exactly excel at actually making decisions.)
A. lack of exercise it makes the most sense
I believe it's newton's third law. For every action(force) , there's an equal and opposite reaction.
Polytheistic beliefs practices existed before rise of Islam in the 7th century
I hope that helped you