Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer.
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Answer:
the science of breeding and caring for farm animals.
Explanation:
Examples of animal husbandry are:
Beekeeping.
Dog breeding.
Farming.
Horse breeding.
Pig farming.
Raising cattle.
Sheep farming.
The chemical process is called precipitation.
Usually, a combination of salt and ethanol are added to a solution in order to allow the DNA to precipitate or come out of solution.
Polar molecules are those with uneven distribution of charges in their structure, which gives them partial positive and partial negative parts in their structure. In general, the rule in solubility is "like dissolves like," which means that polar or charged solutes can dissolve in a polar solvent. Ionic and polar solutes which are "attracted" to and dissolve in water are called "hydrophilic" (water-loving), while nonpolar solutes, which do not dissolve in water are called "hydrophobic" (water-fearing or hating).
DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone in its structure. The phosphate (PO3-) groups of the backbone are negatively charged. Water, being a polar molecule (with the oxygen end being more negatively charged, and the hydrogen ends being more positive), can interact with the negatively-charged phosphate groups of the DNA and allow the DNA to dissolve in water.
When salt (usually sodium acetate) is added, the positive ions of the salt (e.g. Na+ for sodium acetate) interact with the negatively-charged ends of the phosphate groups (PO3-) in the sugar backbone. This "neutralizes" the charges of the negatively-charged phosphate groups. As a result, the amount of water molecules able to interact with the phosphate groups diminishes, and this lessens the solubility of the DNA.
However, because water has a relatively high dielectric constant (index of polarity), it would be fairly difficult for the Na+ ions to interact with the PO3- groups. Adding the ethanol, which has a lower dielectric constant than water, makes it easier for the Na+ ions to come together with the PO3- groups, and shields it charge from the water molecules. This makes the DNA molecules less hydrophilic and less soluble. As a result, the DNA molecules come out of solution (through a process called precipitation).
Ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and which ferns are seedless vascular plants that reproduce with spores and are found in moist environments.
Answer:
Gene regulation refers to the regulation of expression of a particular gene in a cell that is, it increases or decreases the expression of a particular set of genes in a particular cell.
In multicellular organisms, gene regulation plays a crucial role in cell differentiation and maturation.
It enables the formation of different types of cells or tissues from a single type of stem cells that is, it enables the formation of a multicellular organism from a single cell zygote.
For example, muscle cells, nerve cell, skin cell et cetera all arise from a single-celled zygote. It is possible due to highly regulated gene expression.
All cells contain the same genetic information (DNA) but different sets of genes are expressed in different specialized cells.
