Total Internal Reflection
Bill Hammack of the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Illinois-Urbana discusses Total Internal Reflection. It is the mechanism wherein light trail liquid flowing. It is the process by which light entering the stream is reflected when it strikes the juncture between air and liquid.
Answer:
¿Qué quieres decir con que eso no tiene sentido? ¿Hay opciones de palabras? ¿Puedo ayudarte?
Explanation:
GOVERNMENTs almost certainly originated with the need to protect people from conflicts and to provide law and order. Why have conflicts among people happened throughout history? Many people, both famous and ordinary, have tried to answer that question. Perhaps human nature dictates selfishness, and people inevitably will come to blows over who gets what property or privilege. Or maybe, as KARL MARX explains, it is because the very idea of "PROPERTY" makes people selfish and greedy.
Whatever the reasons, governments first evolved as people discovered that protection was easier if they stayed together in groups and if they all agreed that one (or some) in the group should have more power than others. This recognition is the basis of SOVEREIGNTY, or the right of a group (later a country) to be free of outside interference.
The Great Wall of China
Part of a government's function is to protect its citizens from outside attack. Ancient Chinese emperors constructed a "Great Wall" to defend the borders of their empire.
A country, then, needs to not only protect its citizens from one another, but it needs to organize to prevent outside attack. Sometimes they have built Great Walls and guarded them carefully from invaders. Other times they have led their followers to safe areas protected by high mountains, wide rivers, or vast deserts. Historically, they have raised armies, and the most successful ones have trained and armed special groups to defend the rest. Indeed in the twentieth century, governments have formed alliances and fought great world wars in the name of protection and order.
In more recent years, government responsibilities have extended to the economy and public service. An early principle of capitalism dictates that markets should be free from government control. But when economies spun out of control during the 1930s, and countries sank into great depressions, governments acted. The United States Congress created the FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM in the early twentieth century to ward off inflation and monitor the value of the dollar. FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT and his "BRAIN TRUST" devised New Deal programs to shock the country into prosperity.
The Federal Reserve System
Governments become involved with the economic workings of their countries. In the 1930s, the Federal Reserve System began to take a role in helping the American economy prevent another depression by locating currency reserves at centralized banks.
Perhaps government responsibility to provide social programs to its citizens is the most controversial of all. In the United States the tradition began with the New Deal programs, many of which provided people with relief through jobs, payments, and food. During the 1960s PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSON unveiled his "GREAT SOCIETY" programs aimed at eliminating poverty in the entire country. Many European countries today provide national medical insurance and extensive welfare benefits. Many Americans criticize these programs as expensive ventures that destroy the individual's sense of responsibility for his/her own well being. So the debate over the proper role of government in providing for its people's general welfare is still alive and well today.
Though the rules and responsibilities vary greatly through time and place, governments must create them. Governments provide the parameters for everyday behavior for citizens, protect them from outside interference, and often provide for their well-being and happiness.
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On the Web
The Federal Reserve
In the last few centuries, some economists and thinkers have advocated government control over some aspects of the economy. The Federal Reserve Board was created in order to prevent major economic crises in the United States, as its official website explains.
Purposes and Functions
The purpose of the "Fed" is explained in this series of PDF (Adobe Acrobat) files.
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Ronald Reagan's First Inaugural Speech
The dominant political figure of the U.S. in the 1980s was Ronald Reagan. In his first inaugural address, from Reagan.com, President Reagan put forth his ideas about the purpose of government, which he believed should stay out of the affairs of its citizens and focus primarily on assuring individual freedoms.
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A Talk with Bill Clinton
This 1996 interview with President Clinton conducted by The Atlantic explores the ideas of the dominant political figure of the 1990s. The president discusses his ideas of what government is for and how it can serve its citizens, such as through programs of universal health care and job creation.
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Answer:
A pulley is a circular disc having groove along it's circumference.
wheel and axle is an arrangement of two co-axial cylinders with different radii in which one rotates to give the rotation to another
Answer:
the distric court
Explanation:
Federal cases typically begin at the lowest federal level, the district (or trial) court. Losing parties may appeal their case to the higher courts—first to the circuit courts, or U.S. courts of appeals, and then, if chosen by the justices, to the U.S. Supreme Court.
