The effects of tropical cyclones in Europe and their extratropical remnants include strong winds, heavy rainfall, and in rare instances, tornadoes or snowfall. There are only two modern cyclones officially regarded as directly impacting mainland Europe while still fully tropical or subtropical: Hurricane Vince in 2005, which struck southwestern Spain as a tropical depression; and Subtropical Storm Alpha in 2020, which made landfall in northern Portugal at peak intensity. Hurricane Debbie in 1961 may have still been tropical when it made landfall in northwestern Ireland, but this is disputed.[nb 1] In 1842, it is believed that a hurricane struck Europe.
