A message sent by an hr manager asking all employees to submit details about overtime done in the previous quarter is an example
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Answer:
Part 1:<em> </em><em>As a store manager, Jean Clark has to take decision regarding how many cases of strawberries should be purchased. Let Ai represents course of actions regarding how many cases to be purchased, where i = 10, 11, 12, or 13 cases.Jean has identified state of nature or circumstances for the demand of the strawberries per cases in future. Let Sj represents various demand in future, where i = 10, 11, 12, and 13 cases.</em>
Part 2: The payoff table is attached.
Part 3: As the alternative of purchasing maximizes the minimum payoff among all events, Jane should select alternative of purchasing 10 cases of strawberries for tomorrow.
Part 4: According to the equal likelihood Principle, the alternative of purchasing 12 cases gives maximum expected value, thus Jane should purchase 12 cases of strawberries.
Part 5: The maximum EP is $53.6 for the alternative of purchasing 12 cases, thus Jane should purchase 12 cases of strawberries.
Part 6: Jean should spend $3 to get more information about how many cases of strawberries she might be able to sell tomorrow.
Explanation:
Part 1
As a store manager, Jean Clark has to take decision regarding how many cases of strawberries should be purchased. Let Ai represents course of actions regarding how many cases to be purchased, where i = 10, 11, 12, or 13 cases.
Jean has identified state of nature or circumstances for the demand of the strawberries per cases in future. Let Sj represents various demand in future, where i = 10, 11, 12, and 13 cases.
Part 2:
Payoff in terms of profit or loss function is determined as follows:
The payoff table is obtained using the above formulas and is attached.
Part 3:
Maximin Decision Rule:
This approach selects the alternative which maximizes the minimum payoff among all events.
Minimum payoffs of purchasing 10, 11, 12, 13 cases are $50, $47, $44, and $41 respectively.
Maximum payoff among the alternative minimum payoffs is $50 for the alternative of purchasing 10 cases.
As the alternative of purchasing maximizes the minimum payoff among all events, Jane should select alternative of purchasing 10 cases of strawberries for tomorrow.
Part 4:
Equal Likelihood Principle
This principle is based on a simple philosophy that if there is uncertainty about various events, then treat them as equally probable to occur, that is, each state of nature or chance event is assigned an equal probability. It is also known as equal probabilities criterion. In this assumption, the expected value (EV) or average payoff for each course of action or strategy is determined and the strategy with the highest mean value is adopted.
Similarly,
EV of purchasing 12 cases = $54
EV of purchasing 13 cases = $53
Maximum EV = maximize [$50, $53, $54, $53] = $54
According to the equal likelihood Principle, the alternative of purchasing 12 cases gives maximum expected value, thus Jane should purchase 12 cases of strawberries.
Part 5:
Bayes’ Decision rule
This rule considers the prior probabilities for the state of natures and selects the alternative with the maximum expected payoff. Expected payoff is calculated as sum of product of probabilities and payoff of each alternative.
Expected payoff pd purchasing 10 cases are as follows:
EP (12 cases) = $53.6
EP (13 cases) = $51.4
The maximum EP is $53.6 for the alternative of purchasing 12 cases, thus Jane should purchase 12 cases of strawberries.
Part 6:
To determine the cost Jane should determine Expected value of perfect information (EVPI), as follows:
First determine Expected value with perfect information (EVwPI) as follows:
Maximum payoff when demand is exactly 10 cases is $50, Expected payoff = 0.2 x 50 = $10
Maximum payoff when demand is exactly 11 cases is $55, Expected payoff = 0.4 x 55 = $22
Maximum payoff when demand is exactly 12 cases is $60, Expected payoff = 0.3 x 60 = $18
Maximum payoff when demand is exactly 13 cases is $65, Expected payoff = 0.1 x 65 = $6.5
EVwPI = $10 + $22 + $18 + $6.5 = $56.5
Expected value without perfect information (EVwoPI) = Maximum expected value by Baye’s rule = $53.6
EVPI = EVwPI – EVwoPI = $56.5 – $53.5 = $3
Jean should spend $3 to get more information about how many cases of strawberries she might be able to sell tomorrow.
