Phosphate, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases- adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine! The “bars on the ladder” are the four nitrogenous bases. Adenine and thymine pair together always, and guanine and cytosine! Deoxyribose and phosphate makes up “the sides of the ladder”. Hope this helps!
1. Beef , Eggs & Cheese
3. Hemoglobin , Insulin , Keratin & Histone
The second one is a bit too big I will send it right now.
Yes they should be viewed as nonliving. Because viroids are just like viruses without protein coats. They are similar to viruses excepte the protein coat. And prions are like malfunctioned proteins. They cause diseases too but they are non-living too. Because they too, don't have any metabolics reactions.
It's is used by putting the lager chromosomes on the bottom and the smaller ones on the top so when they get DNA sample of something they can she if some thing is closely related or not
