The correct answer would be, Explicit Racism and Implicit Racism.
Explanation:
Racism is simply a discrimination or prejudice against the people of another race based on the belief that one's own race is superior than the other person's race.
Explicit racism constitutes behaviors or any speech which reflect the colors of racism, whereas Implicit Racism are the deep beliefs containing the grudge of racism. Implicit Racism contains the unconscious biases towards the other races.
So Explicit Racism is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitudes, which might be measured using a questionnaire, whereas Implicit Racism refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a method that does not require awareness.
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According to the job characteristics theory, a high degree of autonomy directly contributes to the psychological state known as responsibility for outcomes.
A theory of work design is the theory of job characteristics. In organizational settings, it offers "a set of implementing principles for enhancing jobs."
Autonomy: The extent to which the job gives the employee a lot of latitude, independence, and discretion in deciding how to organize their work and carry out their duties. In jobs with a high degree of autonomy, the results of the work are determined by the employees' own initiatives, efforts, and decisions rather than by management instructions or a manual of job procedures. In such circumstances, the jobholders feel a greater sense of personal accountability for their professional successes and failures.
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Complete Question:
Define all of the following terms and explain how each applies to this situation.
• Operant conditioning
• Primary reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
Answer:
Operant conditioning is defined as a technique of behavior modification through positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment.
She experiences operant conditioning when she is not ready for the test because she didn't study. Also when she tells her mother a lie.
→ she didn't want to go to school, made up an excuse and even got a prize for it (breakfast)
Primary reinforcement is a reinforcement that does not depend on previous learning.
Her mother shows concern, agrees to let her stay home, and makes Joanne her favorite breakfast is an example of primary reinforcement.
Reinforcement, or reinforcing stimulus, for behaviorism is the consequence of behavior that makes it more likely. The reinforcement can be positive (through the addition of a stimulus) or negative (through the removal of a stimulus).
Answer:
1. Bill is a very patriotic guy. He seeks ads for Miller beer which feature strong American themes. He feels good about these images, and over time starts to feel good about Miller beer.
Type of learning taking place: Classical Conditioning
CS: The Miller beer.
CR: American themes.
2. Joe is concerned about the economy. He makes an effort to "buy American," to support the U.S. economy. He reads product literature, looking for evidence of domestic manufacturing, and usually buys American-made products.
Type of learning taking place: operant conditioning.
The stimulus: The U.S. economy.
Desired response: to relieve his concern.
Reinforcement: he engages to an specific behavior
Explanation:
1. Classical Conditioning: If a neutral stimulus or a stimulus that at first elicits no response, like the Miller beer is paired with the American themes, a stimulus that already evokes a reflex response, then eventually the Miller beer will by itself evoke a similar response. Pairing of the Miller beer (CS), with the American theme (UCS) strengthens the connection between the stimuli.
2. Operant Conditioning: Bill is some way concerned about the U.S. economy, he engages in the behavior in which he relieves his concer reading product literature and buying American-made products as instrumens to achieving his concern helping domestic economy.
Explanation:
Prestige is a concept or factor that receives relatively little sustained attention in the specialist academic work on nations, national identity and nationalism. It is, however, an implicit influence in much of this literature. Evidence, perspectives and insights, suggesting that prestige is a vital element in the psychological constitution of nations, emerge from a diverse range of sources.
