Answer: An NS can be turned into CS by using it with a UCS during the process of conditioning. We can tell that the NS is now a CS by determining whether the UCR is triggered by CS or not.
Explanation: Once a neutral stimulus is used with a conditioned stimulus, the subject treats both the stimulus as one in later instances. For example, during the course of conditioning, if a bell (neutral stimulus) is used with a piece of meat (unconditioned stimulus), the subject (in this case, a god) relates the both with each other and treats it as one.
The null hypothesis makes a claim about population parameter. A null hypothesis is a statement about the value of a population parameter. So the correct answer is (a).
An example of a null hypothesis is one that asserts that no statistical significance can be found in a collection of provided observations. A hypothesis is tested using sample data to determine how plausible it is. It is represented as H0 and is occasionally referred to as simply the "null." To determine if a theory regarding markets, investment methods, or economies is correct or wrong, quantitative analysts employ the null hypothesis, often known as the conjecture. The alternate theory contends that there is a distinction.
Therefore correct answer is (a).
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None of these answers are even close. It said roughly 3 centuries. Sorry, can’t help!
