Answer:
The 20th century witnessed the birth of modern family planning and its effects on the fertility of hundreds of millions of couples around the world. In 1979, China formally initiated one of the world’s strictest family planning programs—the “one child policy.” Despite its obvious significance, the policy has been significantly understudied. Data limitations and a lack of detailed documentation have hindered researchers. However, it appears clear that the policy has affected China’s economy and society in ways that extend well beyond its fertility rate.
African Colonies, Oceanic Colonies, and Northern South American Colonies
They prevented the colonies from purchasing or selling goods to Spain or France
Mercantilist thinking characterized British economic strategy. For the goal of boosting British finances at the expense of colonial territories and other European imperial powers, the British Parliament passed measures such as protectionist trade barriers, governmental restrictions, and subsidies to home businesses. A flourishing industrial sector and trade with other European nations were two additional things that England wanted to stop happening in her colonies in North America. The British Parliament passed a number of laws referred to as the Navigation Acts in order to achieve this starting in 1651.
This basically stopped the colonies from conducting business with other European nations. A number of further laws that placed more restrictions on colonial commerce and raised customs fees were passed after this one.
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I believe the answer you're looking for is "The columbian exchange." Hope this helps.