An author may want to use an allusion because An allusion serves as a kind of shorthand, drawing on this outside work to provide greater context or meaning to the situation being written about.
Answer:
A developing country is likely to have a higher population growth rate due to a higher birth rate from a high infant mortality rate - more babies born to ensure survival of male heir. A developed country is likely to have a lower population growth rate due to a lower birth rate from a low infant mortality rate.
Answer:
b. Null hypothesis :
Alternative hypothesis: 
Explanation:
A hypothesis is defined as "a speculation or theory based on insufficient evidence that lends itself to further testing and experimentation. With further testing, a hypothesis can usually be proven true or false".
The null hypothesis is defined as "a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables in the hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove".
The alternative hypothesis is "just the inverse, or opposite, of the null hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that researcher is trying to prove".
On this case the Management try to proof that due to a new production process, the life expectancy of its tires has increased. So this needs to be on the alternative hypothesis. And the complement of the alternative hypothesis would be on the null hypothesis.
Null hypothesis :
Alternative hypothesis: 
Other important thing is that on the alternative hypothesis we never can have the symbol equal.
Based on this the best option on this case is b.