The radiation effect is the direct heat exchange between the body and the surrounding surfaces.
Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to affect the atoms in living cells and thereby damage their genetic material (DNA). Fortunately, the cells in our bodies are extremely efficient at repairing this damage. However, if the damage is not repaired correctly, a cell may die or eventually become cancerous.
Exposure to very high levels of radiation, such as being close to an atomic blast, can cause acute health effects such as skin burns and acute radiation syndrome (“radiation sickness"). It can also result in long-term health effects such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Radiation can interact with DNA directly and cause damage by breaking bonds in the DNA or indirectly by breaking water molecules surrounding the DNA. When these water molecules are broken, they produce free radicals–unstable oxygen molecules that can damage cells and organs.
Once a cell is damaged, three things can happen.
- The cell repairs itself. The cell would then go back to normal.
- The cell damage is not repaired or is incorrectly repaired, so the cell is changed. This change may eventually lead to cancer.
- There is too much damage to the cell, and the cell dies. Cell death is not always a bad option.
- If a few radiation-damaged cells die, your body will recover and you do not have the risk of those cells potentially turning into cancer.
- However, widespread cell death, such as that caused by high radiation doses, can lead to organ failure and, ultimately, death.
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