Polypeptide chains represent the primarylevel of protein structure. The secondarystructure of a protein results from hydrogen bonding between amino acids in the peptide chain. This leads to twisting or folding of the chain into the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet shapes.
Origin of species by means of natural selection
it involved in the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another.
Reproduction in plants can be by vegetative propagation, through the vegetative propagules like the rhizomes or tubers, asexual reproduction by the production of spores and sexual reproduction by the formation of the male and female gametes.
Spores are the agents of asexual reproduction in plants. They are formed in the non-seed-bearing plants like the liverworts, hornworts, mosses and ferns. The ferns are the group of vascular plants that reproduce by spores. The leaves of the ferns (fronds) contain numerous sporangia which produce tiny spores. When the sporangia breaks open, the spores are released and dispersed by the wind. On encountering favourable conditions of the environment, these spores grow into tiny plants called the gametophytes.
In glycolysis, which involves the breaking down of 1 molecule of 6 carbon glucose to 2 molecules of 3 carbon called pyruvic acid by enzymes in the cytoplasm, 2 ATPs are formed
The kreb’s cycle involves a series of reactions which begins with the pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis which takes place in the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen.At various stages, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are produced and the hydrogen released combines with oxygen to form water.During the entire process involved in the kreb’s cycle, large amounts of energy is released to the cell for use in form of ATP with a total net of 36 ATPs
The entire breakdown of glucose molecules from glycolysis to kreb’s cycle provides a total net of 38 ATPs.
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