Suppose that last year a total of $12 billion in goods and services was exported to other countries while $8 billion was imported. Net exports equal $4 billion.
In general, real GDP is calculated by dividing nominal GDP by the GDP deflator (R). For example, if the economy's prices rise by 1% from the base year, the deflation rate is 1.01. If nominal GDP is $1 million, real GDP is calculated as $1,000,000 / $1.01 or $990,099.
Equity and bond values are not included in GDP as they are not reissued annually. They may have been issued last year. Second, the stock a person buys is goods and services, and the company reuses the money invested to buy the asset, so the value is calculated twice.
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