Answer:
The various steps in the transcription and translation process of protein synthesis are described below.
Explanation:
Proteins (made up of amino acids) have an important role in the various functioning process of an organism. Protein synthesis which takes place in the cells of an organism consists of two major processes: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
Transcription: It is the first process in protein synthesis which occurs in the cell nucleus where a single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) is created using a DNA strand and the genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to this mRNA. The steps in transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. The beginning process known as initiation occurs when an enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a promoter (region of a gene) and the DNA unwinds. One of the DNA strands acts as a template and the enzyme reads the bases in the template DNA strand.
The next step is elongation, where the RNA polymerase builds a strand of mRNA by the addition of nucleotides using complementary base pairs. Here, adenine (A) in the DNA binds to uracil (U) in the RNA. Termination is the last step in which the transcription process ends when the RNA polymerase comes across a termination sequence in the gene. Thus, the completed single-stranded mRNA detaches from DNA.
Translation: It is the second process in protein synthesis which occurs in the ribosome of the cell where the genetic information in mRNA is used to create a protein from amino acids. A triplet of nucleotides is called a codon and they define amino acids. There are 64 possible codons and the codon, AUG acts as the start codon which initiates translation in addition to specifying the amino acid methionine. In the initiation step, the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain is brought by transfer RNAs (tRNAs) to bind to the start codon of mRNA. During elongation, each type of tRNAs in the cytoplasm bound to a specific codon on the mRNA template and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain. Stop codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide.
Inside the seed there are is an embryo the baby plan and cotyledons. When the seed begins to grow, one part of the embryo becomes the plant while the other part becomes the root of the plant.
The greenhouse effect is an essential phenomenon for life on earth. However, human activities such as pollution and burning of fossil fuels have caused an intensification of this effect, which has harmed the atmosphere and is directly related to global warming.
The greenhouse effect is formed by a layer of atmospheric gases that settle around the planet and allows a temperature suitable for life to reach the earth's surface. Therefore, we can guarantee that this effect is essential for our survival. It is necessary that the amount of these gases is kept in equilibrium for this temperature to be constant.
However, the burning of fossil fuels, industrial activities, pollution (caused by vehicles, aerosols, fires, among others), the use of non-renewable energy releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere daily and in large quantities.
This causes the layer of greenhouse gases that circulates the earth to become more and more expanded, not being able to disperse solar radiation easily and causing an increasing temperature. All that heat is retained in the atmosphere, thus generating global warming, which allows the planet's temperature and ocean water to increase dramatically, which can cause various harmful effects to life on the planet.
For this reason, it is necessary to carry out public policies that reduce pollution and encourage the use of clean and renewable energy that does not increase the layer of greenhouse cases, promoting well-being and life on earth.
