Answer:
1. The difference between the normal hemoglobin protein DNA sequence and the sickle cell hemoglobin DNA sequence is a base to base shift, in this case adenine (GAG) to thymine (GTG).
2. The difference affects the amino acid sequence of the protein by replacing glutamic acid (Glu) with valine (Val).
Explanation:
In sickle cell anemia, a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence is observed, where adenine is substituted by thymine, whose expression is the change in the amino acid sequence of globine β, incorporating valine instead of glutamic acid. This represents a molecular mutation - point mutation - by subtitution, which corresponds to missense mutation.
<u>Normal hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser
<u>Sickle cell hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT <em>GTG</em> GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro <em>Val</em> Glu Lys Ser
When GAG is transcribed to mRNA, the CUC codon is obtained, which codes for glutamic acid. Thymine substitution causes the DNA sequence to change to GTG, which is transcribed as CAC, the codon that encodes the amino acid valine. The <u>change from glutamic acid to valine in β-globin causes an altered hemoglobin, giving the abnormal erythrocytes observed in sickle cell disease</u>.
It has the same origin as other connective tissues and it connects all the body systems together.
Answer:
Lightyears
Explanation:
When dealing with very large interstellar distances, astronomers do not use the regular miles, kilometers, or meters we are used to. This is because they are just too small to be used as a metric when measuring such large distances. As a matter of fact, the earthly number system will quickly be exhausted when trying to measure some of these interstellar distances.
Instead, astronomers make use of Lightyears. Lightyears are defined by the distance traveled by an object moving at the speed of light if it was moving constantly at that speed for one year.
This can properly be used to estimate interstellar distances. since its value is very large. 1 lightyear = 9,461,000,000,000 Km
If we say that our closest star is 9 lightyears away, we are saying that it will take an object moving at the speed of light 9 years to travel from that star to our planet.
In addition to loss of muscle mass, inadequate calorie intake can lead to loss of bone density and an increased risk of fatigue, illness, injuries and poor recovery.
<h3>Why is it important to consume adequate calories?</h3>
- When your consumption of calories is not adequate, your body will not get all the necessary nutrients.
- It slows down the metabolism so as to conserve energy
- Calorie restriction can lead to reduce in leptin, a hormone that regulates appetite.
- Lower levels of leptin can lead to increase in hunger thus a person overeats. This results in increase in body weight.
- Low-calorie dieting increases stress and results in the release of the stress hormone (cortisol).
- Due to response to stress, the body conserves energy and the metabolism slows to combat the risk of starvation.
- Therefore, it is important to consume appropriate amount of calories and nutrients.
Learn more about calorie intake here:
brainly.com/question/12951792
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Answer:
Increase
Explanation:
Oligomeric enzyme have more than one polypeptide chain and the enzyme show positive cooperativity. It means that binding of the ligand to the enzyme will help other ligands to bind to the enzyme. Hill cofficient is used to measure the determining the degree of cooperativity of the binding between enzyme and substrate or ligand. As in this case, allosteric enzyme show positive cooperativity, its Hill cofficient will increase
