Answer:
I am writing this in response to a letter regarding evolution. Evolution is increasingly solid, not shaky. Darwin’s “theory” or explanation was a way of understanding what he had discovered (which did not include genes, chromosomes, DNA or nucleotide bases). Our explanations now include genetics and the commonality of mutation.
Proofs are solid, not in question by serious scientists. Direct observation is one, which we see in the fact that this year’s flu evolved a little too far from last year’s, so flu shots are less effective this year than we would like them to be.
Fossils tell the story well: whales with legs, dinosaurs with feathers and Tiktaalik. The latter was found in the Canadian north and is part fish, part amphibian, before there were ever any amphibians. Imperfection is a good proof: think of your useless appendix, the very bad design of your ankles, knees, and back (talk to a chiropractor about that). You have big toes because they used to be useful thumbs for your grasping feet.
Many other animals and even plants similarly have flaws that show their evolutionary past. Two large human chromosomes reflect the coming together of two chimpanzee chromosomes each.
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Firstly, the enzyme, DNA Helicase breaks the Hydrogen bonds between a specific region of the DNA molecule and unwinds the duplex DNA molecule at the targeted gene sequence site.
Then, RNA Polymerase binds at the 3` site of the gene sequence of the sense/coding strand(only one strand) that acts as the template for mRNA synthesis. RNA Polymerase then matches free nucleotides by complementary base-pairing(A-U & C=G), working in the 5`to3` direction. Hydrogen bonds then form between the complementary bases, holding the nucleotides in place. Each free adjacent nucleotide is joined at 3` ends by Condensation reactions with the other to form Phosphodiester bonds.
Once the mRNA molecule is formed, it is separated from the synthesis complex and leaves the nucleus through pores in the nuclear envelope to moves towards ribosomes for Translation.
Lastly, the DNA double helix rewinds by forming Hydrogen Bonds.
I believe it would be water boils at 100 Celsius to Fahrenheit, Celsius to Fahrenheit, kelvins.
