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Lady bird [3.3K]
2 years ago
15

A critical review of analytical methods in pretreatment of lignocelluloses: Composition, imaging, and crystallin

Chemistry
1 answer:
Alla [95]2 years ago
4 0

A critical review of analytical methods in pretreatment of lignocelluloses: Composition, imaging, and crystallinity.

<h3>What is the abstract?</h3>

Lignocelluloses are being studied extensively as renewable substrates for the production of biofuels such as ethanol, methane, hydrogen, and butanol, as well as chemicals such as citric acid, lactic acid, and xanthan gum. However, because lignocelluloses have a recalcitrance structure that makes them resistant to microbial and enzymatic attacks, several physical, thermal, chemical, and biological pretreatment methods have been devised to open up their structure. These pretreatments' efficacy was investigated utilising a number of analytical approaches that addressed their image, composition, crystallinity, degree of polymerization, enzyme adsorption/desorption, and accessibility.

To learn more about polymerization visit:

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Which factors help you identify the solute and the solvent in a solution? Select all that apply. In a solution, the solvent is p
KatRina [158]

The answers would be:

In a solution, the solvent is present in a greater amount.

In a solutions, the solute dissolves in a solvent.

In general, these are the best answers. The solute is what is being dissolved and the solvent is what dissolves. A solvent comes in greater amounts in a solution and it is the dissolving agent.

For example, sugar and water.

To make a sugar water solution, you will need to dissolve sugar in water. Sugar is the solute in this case because it is what is being dissolved. The water is the solvent, because it dissolves the sugar.

If you had more sugar than water, then you cannot make a solution.  

4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Select the name of the element with a condensed ground-state electron configuration of [kr] 5s14d7.
Vilka [71]

elements have equal number of protons and neutrons

the condensed format is when the closest noble gas with the closest electron configuration is given, this closest noble gas atomic number should be lesser than the atoms atomic number

atomic number of Kr is 36

1 electron in 5s subshell and 7 electrons in 4d subshell.

there's a total of 36 + 1 + 7 = 44 electrons

atomic number of the atom is 44

element with atomic number 44 is Ruthenium - Ru

answer is Ru


7 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Find the amount of heat energy needed to convert 400 grams of ice at -38°C to steam at 160°C.
Marianna [84]

The amount of heat energy needed to convert 400 g of ice at -38 °C to steam at 160 °C is 1.28×10⁶ J (Option D)

<h3>How to determine the heat required change the temperature from –38 °C to 0 °C </h3>
  • Mass (M) = 400 g = 400 / 1000 = 0.4 Kg
  • Initial temperature (T₁) = –25 °C
  • Final temperature (T₂) = 0 °
  • Change in temperature (ΔT) = 0 – (–38) = 38 °C
  • Specific heat capacity (C) = 2050 J/(kg·°C)
  • Heat (Q₁) =?

Q = MCΔT

Q₁ = 0.4 × 2050 × 38

Q₁ = 31160 J

<h3>How to determine the heat required to melt the ice at 0 °C</h3>
  • Mass (m) = 0.4 Kg
  • Latent heat of fusion (L) = 334 KJ/Kg = 334 × 1000 = 334000 J/Kg
  • Heat (Q₂) =?

Q = mL

Q₂ = 0.4 × 334000

Q₂ = 133600 J

<h3>How to determine the heat required to change the temperature from 0 °C to 100 °C </h3>
  • Mass (M) = 0.4 Kg
  • Initial temperature (T₁) = 0 °C
  • Final temperature (T₂) = 100 °C
  • Change in temperature (ΔT) = 100 – 0 = 100 °C
  • Specific heat capacity (C) = 4180 J/(kg·°C)
  • Heat (Q₃) =?

Q = MCΔT

Q₃ = 0.4 × 4180 × 100

Q₃ = 167200 J

<h3>How to determine the heat required to vaporize the water at 100 °C</h3>
  • Mass (m) = 0.4 Kg
  • Latent heat of vaporisation (Hv) = 2260 KJ/Kg = 2260 × 1000 = 2260000 J/Kg
  • Heat (Q₄) =?

Q = mHv

Q₄ = 0.4 × 2260000

Q₄ = 904000 J

<h3>How to determine the heat required to change the temperature from 100 °C to 160 °C </h3>
  • Mass (M) = 0.4 Kg
  • Initial temperature (T₁) = 100 °C
  • Final temperature (T₂) = 160 °C
  • Change in temperature (ΔT) = 160 – 100 = 60 °C
  • Specific heat capacity (C) = 1996 J/(kg·°C)
  • Heat (Q₅) =?

Q = MCΔT

Q₅ = 0.4 × 1996 × 60

Q₅ = 47904 J

<h3>How to determine the heat required to change the temperature from –38 °C to 160 °C</h3>
  • Heat for –38 °C to 0°C (Q₁) = 31160 J
  • Heat for melting (Q₂) = 133600 J
  • Heat for 0 °C to 100 °C (Q₃) = 167200 J
  • Heat for vaporization (Q₄) = 904000 J
  • Heat for 100 °C to 160 °C (Q₅) = 47904 J
  • Heat for –38 °C to 160 °C (Qₜ) =?

Qₜ = Q₁ + Q₂ + Q₃ + Q₄ + Q₅

Qₜ = 31160 + 133600 + 167200 + 904000 + 47904

Qₜ = 1.28×10⁶ J

Learn more about heat transfer:

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7 0
2 years ago
2NO (g) + O2 (g) →2NO2 (g) At equilibrium [NO] = 2.4 × 10 -3 M, [O2] = 1.4 × 10 -4 M, and [NO2] = 0.95 M.
azamat

Answer:

K=1.12x10^9

Explanation:

Hello there!

Unfortunately, the question is not given in the question; however, it is possible for us to compute the equilibrium constant as the problem is providing the concentrations at equilibrium. Thus, we first set up the equilibrium expression as products/reactants:

K=\frac{[NO_2]^2}{[NO]^2[O_2]}

Then, we plug in the concentrations at equilibrium to obtain the equilibrium constant as follows:

K=\frac{(0.95)^2}{(0.0024)^2(0.00014)}\\\\K=1.12x10^9

In addition, we can infer this is a reaction that predominantly tends to the product (NO2) as K>>>>1.

Best regards!

4 0
3 years ago
PLEASE HELP! WILL MARK BRAINIEST IF ANSWERED CORRECTLY.
ioda

Answer:

H2O is a polar molecule

the H is slightly positive and the O is slightly negative so the Na is attracted to the O side of the water molecule and the Cl is attracted to the H side of the water molecule

Explanation:

3 0
3 years ago
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